MIŠIĆI ZNAČAJNI ZA ŽVAKANJE

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Žvakanje je složen motorički obrazac i veština kojoj je potebno, dve i više godine da se razvije i da dete pređe od sisanja do manipulacije kašastom i čvrstom hranom koristeći prvo vertikalne pokrete žvakanja a zatim i rotacione pokrete žvakanja.Ono se obavlja naizmeničnim podizanjem i spuštanjem donje vilice i pokretima mandibule levo-desno i napred-nazad. Ovi pokreti su omogućeni anatomskim oblikom zglobnih površina donje vilice i slepoočne kosti, koje zajedno formiraju temporomandibularni zglob. Pokrete svih struktura koje učestvuju u procesu žvakanja omogućavaju mnogobrojni mišići.

Za pokrete donje vilice su odgovorni sledeći mišići:

  • Maseterični mišić (m. masseter)
  • Slepoočni mišić (m. temporalis)
  • Spoljašnji krilasti mišić (m. pterygodieus lateralis)
  • Unutrašnji krilasti mišić (m. pterygodius medialis)
Maseterični mišić– se proteže od jabučnog luka do spoljašnje strane donje vilice. Sačinjavaju ga dva dela: površinski (lat. pars superficialis) i duboki (lat. pars profunda). Osnovna funkcija mišića se ogleda u podizanju donje vilice i zatvaranju usta. On učestvuje i u pomeranju vilice unapred, ekstremnim lateralnim kretnjama mandibule i sl. Odlikuje ga razvijanje snažnih sila u predelu kutnjaka, tokom akta žvakanja. Duboki snop maseteričnog mišića je povezan sa površinskim vlaknima slepoočnog mišića, pa se oni često označavaju
terminom zigomatiko-mandibularni mišić koji učestvuje u vraćanju donje vilice iz njenog isturenog položaja.
 
Slepoočni mišić– proteže se od spoljašnje strane temporalne kosti do donje vilice. On je glavni pozicioner donje vilice i svi njeni položaji su regulisani delovanjem slepoočnog mišića. U podizanju mandibule i zatvaranju usta učestvuju sve tri grupe vlakana (s tim što su najaktivnija prednja), dok su zadnja vlakna dominantna u retropulziji (povlačenju vilice unazad) i lateralnim kretnjama.
 
Spoljašnji krilasti mišić– leži u gornjem delu podslepoočne jame (ispod baze lobanje). On ima dva glavna snopa: gornji i donji snop. Osnovna funkcija mu je protruzija (pomeranje unapred) i translatorna kretnja napred i nadole glave mandibule, uz istovremeno pomeranje zglobnog koluta viličnog zgloba unapred. Time on učestvuje u otvaranju usta (naročito u početnoj fazi). Gornji snop deluje kao odvojena funkcionalna celina i aktivira se pri zatvaranju usta zajedno sa maseteričnim, slepoočnim i unutrašnjim krilastim mišićem. Pri jednostranoj kontrakciji nastaju rotacioni pokreti donje vilice, koji su značajni u procesu žvakanja, tj. sa aspekta mlevenja hrane između griznih površina kutnjaka.
 
Unutrašnji krilasti mišić– smešten je u podslepoočnoj jami ispod baze lobanje. Donji kraj unutrašnjeg krilastog mišića se u predelu ugla mandibule povezuje sa tetivnim vlaknima maseteričnog mišića i na taj način oni obrazuju snažnu mišićno-tetivnu omču, koja obuhvata granu donje vilice. Osnovna funkcija mu je podizanje mandibule i zatvaranje usta. Osim toga, on učestvuje i u lateralnim kretnjama za vreme žvakanja, u toku protruzije (pomeranja unapred) donje vilice i pri kombinovanim pokretima ovih struktura. Služi kao antagonist predjim nadhioidnim mišićima da uravnoteže položaj usana za usneno-zubne glasove i da prilagode položaj vilice za izgovor glasa S.
 
Literatura:
 
Dr Slavoljub V. Jovanović, dr Nadežda A. Jeličić: “Anatomija čoveka – glava i vrat” (“Savremena administracija” Beograd 2000.) ISBN 86-387-0604-9
 
Darinka Stanišić-Sinobad: Osnovi gnatologije, I izdanje (“BMG” Beograd, 2001.) ISBN 86-7330-139-4 COBISS-ID 94080780
 
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5
 
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5
 
https://www.slideshare.net/idris01/mastication-103525627

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