ORIJENTACIJA U VREMENU

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Razumevanje vremena za dete je vrlo apstraktan pojam, dete vremen ne može iskustiti taktilno – potrebno je da ga sazna kroz doživljaj. Sadašnjost je vremenski pojam koje će dete usvojiti pre svih, tek razvojem apstraktnog mišljenja usvojiće ideju o prošlom i budućem vremenu. Prvi način opažanja vremena tj. usvajanja vremena se vrši strukturiranjem detetovog dana. Dete prilagođavanjem ritmu dana npr. buđenje, lična higijena, oblačenje, pospremanje kreveta, doručak, odlazak u vrtić, odlazak iz vrtića itd. usvaja – razija osećaj protoka vrema. Takođe praćenjem aktivnosti ljudi u njegovoj okolini, kao i praćenje prirodnih pojava (dan – noć) dete razvija svoj doživljaj vremena. Oko četvrte godine dete prepoznaje delove dana jutro – veče, sa pet godina dete usvaja pojam noć i vreme spavanja, a sa šest godina ume da podeli dan na tri dela – jutro, podne i veče, kao i da razume razliku između istih. Tek oko šeste godine se mogu očekivati prvi znaci zainteresovanosti i razumevanja metričkog sistema vremena, uviđa postojanje odnosa: dan – nedelja, minut – sat…

Kroz ritam dete usvaja osećaj protoka vremena kroz intervale kreni stani. Poželjno je početi od jednostavnijih vežbi ritma koje uključuju četiri takta, odnosno pokreta. Dati nalogu detetu na sledeći način: Pljesni rukom dva puta brzo, dva puta sporo ili pljesni rukama jednom brzo,jednom sporo, dva puta brzo. Ukoliko dete ne uspeva da savlada traženi obrazac, defektolog može tražiti od deteta da reprodukuje njegov pokret – Uradi isto kao i ja, i na taj način postupno proći vežbu. Takav način rada omogućava detetu da usvoji u tvrdi pojmove kreni – stani odnosno početak – kraj. Pokreti ritma mogu biti u ujednačenim intervalima ili brzi spori. U vežbe obavezno uključiti kako ruke i noge, tako i aktivnost celog tela. Npr. napravi dva koraka napred i okreni se oko sebe sa raširenim rukama i skoči jednom u stranu.

Kroz upoznavanje deteta sa redosledom svakodnevnih aktivnosti potpomažemo razvoj doživljaja vremena. Defektolog pita dete šta prvo uradi kada ustane (lična higijena npr), pa šta posle toga (doručak i spremanje za vrtić), takođe može sa detetom proći kroz aktivnosti vrtića ili škole. Takođe pitati dete šta zadnje uradi kada se sprema za spavanje (lična higijena ponovo npr), ali ovaj put pitanja postavljati u suprotom smeru odnosno šta si radio pre pranja zuba (večerao, gledao crtaće, crtao…). Time se pomaže u formiraju pojmova pre, sada, posle, ponovo. Pred dete staviti slike koje pokazuju različito doba dana, kao i aktivnosti vezane za njih i tražiti od deteta da ih poređa po redosledu i od deteta tražiti da opiše aktivnosti predstavljene na slikama. Ukoliko dete ne ređa po redosledu proveriti da li razume radnje predstavljene na slikama. Kroz priču i pitanja usmeriti dete na tačan odgovor.

Usvajanje odnosno doživljaj pojma vreme je jedno od najzahtevnijih koncepta za usvajanja, jer ne samo da uključuje logičke procese, ritam, redosled već i razvijeno apstraktno mišljenje. Stoga je nekada potrebno malo više vremena za dete da usvoji pojma vremena.

Literatura:

Nikolić, S., Ilić-Stošović, D., Ilić, S. (2011). Razvojna procena i tretman dece predškolskog uzrasta (Praktikum), Fakultet za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju, Beograd

Nedović, G., Rapaić, D.: Praktikum preventivno – korektivnog rada u osnovnoj školi, Beograd, 2012.

Svetomir Bojanin: Tretman pokretom i savetovanje, Beograd, 2016.

 

 

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