NERVI ODGOVORNI ZA GOVOR

Svaki mišić je oživčan svojim živcem i tako dobija ‚‚naloge” od mozga koju radnju treba da izvrši. Da li da se lice razvuče u osmeh ili da se namrgodi. Da li da se ispalzi jezik kao bi nešto liznuli ili da se podigne jezik kako bi skinuli nešto zakačeno za zub posle ručka. Za mimiku kao i za sam govor, žvakanje i gutanje pored mišića odgovorni su i nervi koji određeni mišić inervišu. Nervi mogu da sadrže senzitivna, motorna i parasimpatička vlakna. Senzitivna(aferentna) vlakna šalju impulse prema mozgu, dok motorna (eferentna) šalju impulse od mozga ka periferiji. Postoje XII kranijalna nerva, a neki od njih su uključeni u produkciju govora.

To su:

  • V kranijalni nerv- n. trigeminus- kontroliše mišiće značajne za žvakanje.
  • VII kranijalni nerv- n. facialis- sadrži motorna, senzitivna i parasimpatička vlakna. On kontroliše mišiće koji spuštaju donju vilicu i mišiće usana. Senzitivna vlakna prenose utiske čula ukusa.
  • IX kranijalni nerv- n. glossopharyngeus- motorna vlakna učestvuju u inervaciji muskulature mekog nepca i ždrela. Senzitivna vlakna oživčavaju sluzokožu zadnje trećine jezika, mekog nepca, ždrela, nepčanog krajnika i srednjeg uha.
  • X kranijalni nerv- n. vagus- ima široko inervaciono polje zbog čega je i dobio naziv „lutalac“. Pomaže pokretima ždrela i grkljana. Motorna vlakna živca inervišu poprečno-prugastu muskulaturu mekog nepca, ždrela i grkljana. Senzitivna vlakna inervišu kožu spoljašnjeg ušnog kanala, sluzokožu ždrela, epiglotisa, grkljana, dušnika i organa za varenje.
  • XI kranijalni nerv- n. accesorius – inerviše sternokleidomastoidni i trapezasti mišić, a pored toga daje granu koja ulazi u sastav živca lutaoca i inerviše muskulaturu mekog nepca, ždrela i grkljana. On kontroliše kretanje mišića glave, a tako indirektno utiče na poziciju grkljana.
  • XII kranijalni nerv- n. hypoglossus- inerviše muskulaturu jezika i geniohioidni mišić. Pri jednostranoj paralizi nerva dolazi do otežanih pokreta jezika, dok je pri obostranoj paralizi on u potpunosti nepokretan i otežani su govor i žvakanje.
Literatura:
Dr Slavoljub V. Jovanović, dr Nadežda A. Jeličić: “Anatomija čoveka – glava i vrat” (“Savremena administracija” Beograd 2000.) ISBN 86-387-0604-9
Dr Slavoljub V. Jovanović, dr Neva L. Lotrić : “Deskriptivna i topografska anatomija čoveka” (“Medicinska knjiga” Beograd-Zagreb 1987.)
https://www.d.umn.edu/~mmizuko/2230/ns.htm
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/cranial-nerves-involved-in-speech-production/deck/13205443
https://www.noeltempleton.com/eye-disorders/optom-posts/cranial-nerves-sensory-motor-functions/

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